Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)

Mortality
Numerous risk scores have been developed to help predict mortality in invasive meningococcal disease. Of these, the Niklasson score has the highest AUROC of 0.90.

Risk factors
 * Clinical factors
 * Age (older or very young (under age 2))
 * Antibiotics NOT given prior to admission
 * Cold extremities
 * Coma
 * Comorbid medical conditions
 * Cyanosis, low capillary refill time
 * Diarrhea
 * Coagulopathy or disseminated intravascular coagulation
 * Ecchymosis
 * Fever (high, ≥ 39-40°C)
 * Focal neurological deficits
 * Hypothermia (< 36°C
 * Nuchal rigidity or neck stiffness (absence)
 * Petechiae or purpura
 * Pulmonary edema
 * SBP (low)
 * Symptom duration (lower)
 * Tachycardia
 * Tachypnea
 * Lab factors
 * CSF
 * WBCs (low)
 * Serum
 * Antibody titers (high)
 * ESR (low)
 * Fibrinogen (low)
 * Glucose (low)
 * Metabolic acidosis
 * pCO2 (low)
 * Platelets (low)
 * Potassium (high)
 * WBCs (low)

Stiehm and Damrosch score (1966)
Derived from 63 pediatric patients in the United States from 1947-1962 and validated in 104 patients in Norway.

Niklasson score (1971)
Derived from 80 patients (mean age 22, range 1-67 years) in Sweden from 1959-1968. Validated subsequently in a group of 124 patients, and two additional series (n=176 and n=103). In a large series of 407 patients, it had an AUROC of 0.90 (95% CI 0.83-0.98) which performed the best of all scores studied.

Kahn and Blum score (1978)
Derived from 67 pediatric patients (age 4 months to 12 years) in Belgium from 1971-1076 and validated in 104 patients in Norway.

Turini score (1979)
Derived from 254 patients (age range 0-40 years, 28% >15 years) in Brazil from 1972-1976. In a large series of 407 patients, it had an AUROC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.75-0.93).

Leclerc score (1985)
Derived from 90 pediatric patients in France from 1981 and validated in 104 patients in Norway.

Gardlund score (1986)
Derived from 115 patients (mean age 19, range 0-85 years) in Denmark from 1971-1983. In a large series of 407 patients, it had an AUROC of 0.82 (95% CI 0.74-0.91).

Gedde-Dahl MO score (1990)
Derived from 113 patients (age 0-76 years) in Norway from 1981-1982. In a large series of 407 patients, it had an AUROC of 0.85 (95% CI 0.75-0.95).

Gedde-Dahl MO Clinical score (1990)
Derived from 113 patients (age 0-76 years) in Norway from 1981-1982. This score has the advantage that it does not require any lab parameters.

Barquet score (1997)
Derived from 624 predominantly pediatric patients (75% under age 5, 20% age 15-59) in Spain from 1987-1990. Validated in a second series of 210 patients from 1991-1992. In a large series of 407 patients, it had an AUROC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.76-0.93).

Ajayi-Obe score (1998)
Derived from 132 predominantly pediatric patients (mean age 9, range 0-60 years) in Nigeria in 1996. In a large series of 407 patients, it had an AUROC of 0.81 (95% CI 0.73-0.90).